385 lines
14 KiB
HTML
385 lines
14 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>Controllers : CodeIgniter User Guide</title>
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<style type='text/css' media='all'>@import url('../userguide.css');</style>
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<meta name='author' content='ExpressionEngine Dev Team' />
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<meta name='description' content='CodeIgniter User Guide' />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="nav"><div id="nav_inner"><script type="text/javascript">create_menu('../');</script></div></div>
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<div id="nav2"><a name="top"></a><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="myHeight.toggle();"><img src="../images/nav_toggle_darker.jpg" width="154" height="43" border="0" title="Toggle Table of Contents" alt="Toggle Table of Contents" /></a></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="width:100%">
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<tr>
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<td><h1>CodeIgniter User Guide Version 1.7.3</h1></td>
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<td id="breadcrumb_right"><a href="../toc.html">Table of Contents Page</a></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<tr>
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<td id="breadcrumb">
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<a href="http://codeigniter.com/">CodeIgniter Home</a> ›
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<a href="../index.html">User Guide Home</a> ›
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Controllers
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</td>
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<td id="searchbox"><form method="get" action="http://www.google.com/search"><input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" id="as_sitesearch" value="codeigniter.com/user_guide/" />Search User Guide <input type="text" class="input" style="width:200px;" name="q" id="q" size="31" maxlength="255" value="" /> <input type="submit" class="submit" name="sa" value="Go" /></form></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<!-- END BREADCRUMB -->
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<br clear="all" />
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<!-- START CONTENT -->
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<div id="content">
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<h1>Controllers</h1>
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<p>Controllers are the heart of your application, as they determine how HTTP requests should be handled.</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#what">What is a Controller?</a></li>
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<li><a href="#hello">Hello World</a></li>
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<li><a href="#functions">Functions</a></li>
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<li><a href="#passinguri">Passing URI Segments to Your Functions</a></li>
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<li><a href="#default">Defining a Default Controller</a></li>
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<li><a href="#remapping">Remapping Function Calls</a></li>
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<li><a href="#output">Controlling Output Data</a></li>
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<li><a href="#private">Private Functions</a></li>
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<li><a href="#subfolders">Organizing Controllers into Sub-folders</a></li>
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<li><a href="#constructors">Class Constructors</a></li>
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<li><a href="#reserved">Reserved Function Names</a></li>
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</ul>
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<a name="what"></a>
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<h2>What is a Controller?</h2>
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<p><dfn>A Controller is simply a class file that is named in a way that can be associated with a URI.</dfn></p>
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<p>Consider this URI:</p>
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<code>example.com/index.php/<var>blog</var>/</code>
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<p>In the above example, CodeIgniter would attempt to find a controller named <dfn>blog.php</dfn> and load it.</p>
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<p><strong>When a controller's name matches the first segment of a URI, it will be loaded.</strong></p>
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<a name="hello"></a>
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<h2>Let's try it: Hello World!</h2>
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<p>Let's create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your text editor, create a file called <dfn>blog.php</dfn>, and put the following code in it:</p>
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<textarea class="textarea" style="width:100%" cols="50" rows="10">
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<?php
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class Blog extends Controller {
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function index()
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{
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echo 'Hello World!';
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}
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}
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?>
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</textarea>
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<p>Then save the file to your <dfn>application/controllers/</dfn> folder.</p>
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<p>Now visit the your site using a URL similar to this:</p>
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<code>example.com/index.php/<var>blog</var>/</code>
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<p>If you did it right, you should see <samp>Hello World!</samp>.</p>
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<p>Note: Class names must start with an uppercase letter. In other words, this is valid:</p>
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<code><?php<br />
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class <var>Blog</var> extends Controller {<br />
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<br />
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}<br />
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?></code>
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<p>This is <strong>not</strong> valid:</p>
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<code><?php<br />
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class <var>blog</var> extends Controller {<br />
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<br />
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}<br />
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?></code>
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<p>Also, always make sure your controller <dfn>extends</dfn> the parent controller class so that it can inherit all its functions.</p>
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<a name="functions"></a>
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<h2>Functions</h2>
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<p>In the above example the function name is <dfn>index()</dfn>. The "index" function is always loaded by default if the
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<strong>second segment</strong> of the URI is empty. Another way to show your "Hello World" message would be this:</p>
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<code>example.com/index.php/<var>blog</var>/<samp>index</samp>/</code>
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<p><strong>The second segment of the URI determines which function in the controller gets called.</strong></p>
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<p>Let's try it. Add a new function to your controller:</p>
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<textarea class="textarea" style="width:100%" cols="50" rows="15">
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<?php
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class Blog extends Controller {
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function index()
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{
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echo 'Hello World!';
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}
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function comments()
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{
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echo 'Look at this!';
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}
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}
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?>
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</textarea>
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<p>Now load the following URL to see the <dfn>comment</dfn> function:</p>
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<code>example.com/index.php/<var>blog</var>/<samp>comments</samp>/</code>
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<p>You should see your new message.</p>
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<a name="passinguri"></a>
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<h2>Passing URI Segments to your Functions</h2>
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<p>If your URI contains more then two segments they will be passed to your function as parameters.</p>
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<p>For example, lets say you have a URI like this:</p>
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<code>example.com/index.php/<var>products</var>/<samp>shoes</samp>/<kbd>sandals</kbd>/<dfn>123</dfn></code>
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<p>Your function will be passed URI segments 3 and 4 ("sandals" and "123"):</p>
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<code>
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<?php<br />
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class Products extends Controller {<br />
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<br />
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function shoes($sandals, $id)<br />
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{<br />
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echo $sandals;<br />
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echo $id;<br />
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}<br />
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}<br />
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?>
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</code>
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<p class="important"><strong>Important:</strong> If you are using the <a href="routing.html">URI Routing</a> feature, the segments
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passed to your function will be the re-routed ones.</p>
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<a name="default"></a>
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<h2>Defining a Default Controller</h2>
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<p>CodeIgniter can be told to load a default controller when a URI is not present,
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as will be the case when only your site root URL is requested. To specify a default controller, open
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your <dfn>application/config/routes.php</dfn> file and set this variable:</p>
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<code>$route['default_controller'] = '<var>Blog</var>';</code>
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<p>Where <var>Blog</var> is the name of the controller class you want used. If you now load your main index.php file without
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specifying any URI segments you'll see your Hello World message by default.</p>
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<a name="remapping"></a>
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<h2>Remapping Function Calls</h2>
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<p>As noted above, the second segment of the URI typically determines which function in the controller gets called.
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CodeIgniter permits you to override this behavior through the use of the <kbd>_remap()</kbd> function:</p>
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<code>function _remap()<br />
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{<br />
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// Some code here...<br />
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}</code>
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<p class="important"><strong>Important:</strong> If your controller contains a function named <kbd>_remap()</kbd>, it will <strong>always</strong>
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get called regardless of what your URI contains. It overrides the normal behavior in which the URI determines which function is called,
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allowing you to define your own function routing rules.</p>
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<p>The overridden function call (typically the second segment of the URI) will be passed as a parameter the <kbd>_remap()</kbd> function:</p>
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<code>function _remap(<var>$method</var>)<br />
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{<br />
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if ($method == 'some_method')<br />
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{<br />
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$this->$method();<br />
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}<br />
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else<br />
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{<br />
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$this->default_method();<br />
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}<br />
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}</code>
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<a name="output"></a>
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<h2>Processing Output</h2>
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<p>CodeIgniter has an output class that takes care of sending your final rendered data to the web browser automatically. More information on this can be found in the
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<a href="views.html">Views</a> and <a href="../libraries/output.html">Output class</a> pages. In some cases, however, you might want to
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post-process the finalized data in some way and send it to the browser yourself. CodeIgniter permits you to
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add a function named <dfn>_output()</dfn> to your controller that will receive the finalized output data.</p>
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<p><strong>Important:</strong> If your controller contains a function named <kbd>_output()</kbd>, it will <strong>always</strong>
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be called by the output class instead of echoing the finalized data directly. The first parameter of the function will contain the finalized output.</p>
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<p>Here is an example:</p>
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<code>
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function _output($output)<br />
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{<br />
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echo $output;<br />
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}</code>
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<p class="important">Please note that your <dfn>_output()</dfn> function will receive the data in its finalized state. Benchmark and memory usage data will be rendered,
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cache files written (if you have caching enabled), and headers will be sent (if you use that <a href="../libraries/output.html">feature</a>)
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before it is handed off to the _output() function. If you are using this feature the page execution timer and memory usage stats might not be perfectly accurate
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since they will not take into acccount any further processing you do. For an alternate way to control output <em>before</em> any of the final processing is done, please see
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the available methods in the <a href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a>.</p>
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<a name="private"></a>
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<h2>Private Functions</h2>
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<p>In some cases you may want certain functions hidden from public access. To make a function private, simply add an
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underscore as the name prefix and it will not be served via a URL request. For example, if you were to have a function like this:</p>
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<code>
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function _utility()<br />
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{<br />
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// some code<br />
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}</code>
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<p>Trying to access it via the URL, like this, will not work:</p>
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<code>example.com/index.php/<var>blog</var>/<samp>_utility</samp>/</code>
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<a name="subfolders"></a>
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<h2>Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-folders</h2>
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<p>If you are building a large application you might find it convenient to organize your controllers into sub-folders. CodeIgniter permits you to do this.</p>
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<p>Simply create folders within your <dfn>application/controllers</dfn> directory and place your controller classes within them.</p>
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<p><strong>Note:</strong> When using this feature the first segment of your URI must specify the folder. For example, lets say you have a controller
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located here:</p>
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<code>application/controllers/<kbd>products</kbd>/shoes.php</code>
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<p>To call the above controller your URI will look something like this:</p>
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<code>example.com/index.php/products/shoes/show/123</code>
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<p>Each of your sub-folders may contain a default controller which will be
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called if the URL contains only the sub-folder. Simply name your default controller as specified in your
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<dfn>application/config/routes.php</dfn> file</p>
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<p>CodeIgniter also permits you to remap your URIs using its <a href="routing.html">URI Routing</a> feature.</p>
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<h2><a name="constructors"></a>Class Constructors</h2>
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<p>If you intend to use a constructor in any of your Controllers, you <strong>MUST</strong> place the following line of code in it:</p>
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<code>parent::Controller();</code>
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<p>The reason this line is necessary is because your local constructor will be overriding the one in the parent controller class so we need to manually call it.</p>
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<p>If you are not familiar with constructors, in PHP 4, a <em>constructor</em> is simply a function that has the exact same name as the class:</p>
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<code>
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<?php<br />
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class <kbd>Blog</kbd> extends Controller {<br />
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<br />
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function <kbd>Blog()</kbd><br />
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{<br />
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<var>parent::Controller();</var><br />
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}<br />
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}<br />
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?></code>
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<p>In PHP 5, constructors use the following syntax:</p>
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<code>
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<?php<br />
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class <kbd>Blog</kbd> extends Controller {<br />
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<br />
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function <kbd>__construct()</kbd><br />
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{<br />
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<var>parent::Controller();</var><br />
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}<br />
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}<br />
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?></code>
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<p>Constructors are useful if you need to set some default values, or run a default process when your class is instantiated.
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Constructors can't return a value, but they can do some default work.</p>
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<a name="reserved"></a>
|
||
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<h2>Reserved Function Names</h2>
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||
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|
||
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<p>Since your controller classes will extend the main application controller you
|
||
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must be careful not to name your functions identically to the ones used by that class, otherwise your local functions
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||
|
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will override them. See <a href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a> for a full list.</p>
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||
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|
||
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<h2>That's it!</h2>
|
||
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|
||
|
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<p>That, in a nutshell, is all there is to know about controllers.</p>
|
||
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|
||
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</div>
|
||
|
|
<!-- END CONTENT -->
|
||
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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<div id="footer">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Previous Topic: <a href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a>
|
||
|
|
·
|
||
|
|
<a href="#top">Top of Page</a> ·
|
||
|
|
<a href="../index.html">User Guide Home</a> ·
|
||
|
|
Next Topic: <a href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></p>
|
||
|
|
<p><a href="http://codeigniter.com">CodeIgniter</a> · Copyright © 2006-2010 · <a href="http://ellislab.com/">Ellislab, Inc.</a></p>
|
||
|
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</div>
|
||
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|
||
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</body>
|
||
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</html>
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